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The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 (gcide)

Shaft \Shaft\, n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D.
schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle,
haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. ????, ????,
a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf.
{Scape}, {Scepter}, {Shave}.]
1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow.
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His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft,
That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft. --Chaucer.
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A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele
[stale], the feathers, and the head. --Ascham.
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2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the
weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be
thrown or darted; as, shafts of light.
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And the thunder,
Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts. --Milton.
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Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been
attacked with all the shafts of ridicule. --V. Knox.
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3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of
an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when
cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or
stalk of a plant.
(b) (Zool.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust.
of {Feather}.
(c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill.
(d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches.
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Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . .
his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his
knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.
--Ex. xxv. 31.
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(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments,
etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc.
(f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] --Stow.
(g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar
between the capital and base (see Illust. of
{Column}). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof.
Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] --Gwilt.
(h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or
columnar monument.
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Bid time and nature gently spare
The shaft we raise to thee. --Emerson.
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(i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle.
(j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one
or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and
intended to carry one or more wheels or other
revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as,
the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of
{Countershaft}.
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4. (Zool.) A humming bird ({Thaumastura cora}) having two of
the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the
male; -- called also {cora humming bird}.
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5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the
earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and
raising ore, for raising water, etc.
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6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air
shaft.
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7. The chamber of a blast furnace.
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{Line shaft} (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in
a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by
which machines are driven, commonly by means of
countershafts; -- called also {line}, or {main line}.

{Shaft alley} (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine
room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft.

{Shaft furnace} (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a
chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the
bottom.
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Line \Line\, n. [OE. line, AS. l[imac]ne cable, hawser, prob.
from L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax,
thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by
F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See {Linen}.]
1. A linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also, a
cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as, a fishing
line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline.
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Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls. --Piers
Plowman.
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2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver;
any long mark; as, a chalk line.
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3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road
or route; as, the arrow descended in a curved line; the
place is remote from lines of travel.
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4. Direction; as, the line of sight or vision.
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5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a
row of words extending across a page or column.
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6. A short letter; a note; as, a line from a friend.
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7. (Poet.) A verse, or the words which form a certain number
of feet, according to the measure.
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In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa.
--Broome.
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8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method
of argument; department of industry, trade, or
intellectual activity.
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He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is
not the line of a first-rate man. --Coleridge.
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9. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or
thickness.
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10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory;
boundary; contour; outline.
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Eden stretched her line
From Auran eastward to the royal towers
Of great Seleucia. --Milton.
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11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence,
characteristic mark.
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Though on his brow were graven lines austere.
--Byron.
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He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines. --Cleveland.
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12. Lineament; feature; figure. "The lines of my boy's face."
--Shak.
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13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as, a line of
houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers.
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Unite thy forces and attack their lines. --Dryden.
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14. A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a
given person; a family or race; as, the ascending or
descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a
line of kings.
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Of his lineage am I, and his offspring
By very line, as of the stock real. --Chaucer.
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15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an
established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc.;
as, a line of stages; an express line.
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16. (Geog.)
(a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented
on a map.
(b) The equator; -- usually called the line, or
equinoctial line; as, to cross the line.
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17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked
with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a
tapeline.
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18. (Script.)
(a) A measuring line or cord.
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He marketh it out with a line. --Is. xliv.
13.
(b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any
piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of
abode.
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The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant
places; yea, I have a goodly heritage. --Ps.
xvi. 6.
(c) Instruction; doctrine.
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Their line is gone out through all the earth.
--Ps. xix. 4.
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19. (Mach.) The proper relative position or adjustment of
parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference
to smooth working; as, the engine is in line or out of
line.
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20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad.
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21. (Mil.)
(a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether
side by side or some distance apart; -- opposed to
{column}.
(b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished
from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry,
artillery, etc.
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22. (Fort.)
(a) A trench or rampart.
(b) pl. Dispositions made to cover extended positions,
and presenting a front in but one direction to an
enemy.
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23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Form of a vessel as shown by the
outlines of vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections.
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24. (Mus.) One of the straight horizontal and parallel
prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are
placed.
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25. (Stock Exchange) A number of shares taken by a jobber.
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26. (Trade) A series of various qualities and values of the
same general class of articles; as, a full line of
hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. --McElrath.
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27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another,
or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one
management and name.
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28. pl. The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver.
[U. S.]
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29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch.
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{Hard lines}, hard lot. --C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.]

{Line breeding} (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family
line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or
mother.

{Line conch} (Zool.), a spiral marine shell ({Fasciolaria
distans}), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by
narrow, dark, revolving lines.

{Line engraving}.
(a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines
of different width and closeness, cut with the burin
upon copper or similar material; also, a plate so
engraved.
(b) A picture produced by printing from such an
engraving.

{Line of battle}.
(a) (Mil. Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in
their usual order without any determined maneuver.
(b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of
war in an engagement.

{Line of battle ship}. See {Ship of the line}, below.

{Line of beauty} (Fine Arts),an abstract line supposed to be
beautiful in itself and absolutely; -- differently
represented by different authors, often as a kind of
elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth).

{Line of centers}. (Mach.)
(a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels
or levers.
(b) A line which determines a dead center. See {Dead
center}, under {Dead}.

{Line of dip} (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or
part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with
a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a
stratum to the horizon.

{Line of fire} (Mil.), the direction of fire.

{Line of force} (Physics), any line in a space in which
forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the
line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all
the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential
surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line
in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is
tangential with the direction of a short compass needle
held at that point. --Faraday.

{Line of life} (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand,
curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate,
by its form or position, the length of a person's life.

{Line of lines}. See {Gunter's line}.

{Line of march}. (Mil.)
(a) Arrangement of troops for marching.
(b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of
troops in marching.

{Line of operations}, that portion of a theater of war which
an army passes over in attaining its object. --H. W.
Halleck.

{Line of sight} (Firearms), the line which passes through the
front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are
sighted at an object.

{Line tub} (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a
whaleboat is coiled.

{Mason and Dixon's line}, {Mason-Dixon line}, the boundary
line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as run before the
Revolution (1764-1767) by two English astronomers named
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. In an extended sense,
the line between the free and the slave States; as, below
the Mason-Dixon line, i.e. in the South.

{On the line},
(a) on a level with the eye of the spectator; -- said of
a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures.
(b) at risk (dependent upon success) in a contest or
enterprise; as, the survival of the company is on the
line in this project.

{Right line}, a straight line; the shortest line that can be
drawn between two points.

{Ship of the line}, formerly, a ship of war large enough to
have a place in the line of battle; a vessel superior to a
frigate; usually, a seventy-four, or three-decker; --
called also {line of battle ship} or {battleship}.
--Totten.

{To cross the line}, to cross the equator, as a vessel at
sea.

{To give a person line}, to allow him more or less liberty
until it is convenient to stop or check him, like a hooked
fish that swims away with the line.

{Water line} (Shipbuilding), the outline of a horizontal
section of a vessel, as when floating in the water.
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Line \Line\ (l[imac]n), n. [OE. lin. See {Linen}.]
1. Flax; linen. [Obs.] "Garments made of line." --Spenser.
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2. The longer and finer fiber of flax.
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Line \Line\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Lined} (l[imac]nd); p. pr. &
vb. n. {Lining}.] [See {Line} flax.]
1. To cover the inner surface of; as, to line a cloak with
silk or fur; to line a box with paper or tin.
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The inside lined with rich carnation silk. --W.
Browne.
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2. To put something in the inside of; to fill; to supply, as
a purse with money.
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The charge amounteth very high for any one man's
purse, except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto.
--Carew.
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Till coffee has her stomach lined. --Swift.
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3. To place persons or things along the side of for security
or defense; to strengthen by adding anything; to fortify;
as, to line works with soldiers.
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Line and new repair our towns of war
With men of courage and with means defendant.
--Shak.
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4. To impregnate; -- applied to brute animals. --Creech.
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{Lined gold}, gold foil having a lining of another metal.
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Line \Line\ (l[imac]n), v. t.
1. To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as, to
line a copy book.
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He had a healthy color in his cheeks, and his face,
though lined, bore few traces of anxiety. --Dickens.
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2. To represent by lines; to delineate; to portray. [R.]
"Pictures fairest lined." --Shak.
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3. To read or repeat line by line; as, to line out a hymn.
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This custom of reading or lining, or, as it was
frequently called "deaconing" the hymn or psalm in
the churches, was brought about partly from
necessity. --N. D. Gould.
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4. To form into a line; to align; as, to line troops.
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{To line bees}, to track wild bees to their nest by following
their line of flight.

{To line up} (Mach.), to put in alignment; to put in correct
adjustment for smooth running. See 3d {Line}, 19.
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